Peptide Monographs

Glossary

8 receptor and pathway terms used across the compound pages. Each definition is cited. Terms do not get their own URL: they are anchors on this page, which is what the compound and class pages link to.

Terms

Actin sequestration

Also written as actin-sequestering.

Actin sequestration is the binding of monomeric actin so that it is unavailable for filament assembly. A 1991 Journal of Biological Chemistry paper reports that thymosin beta 4 and Fx, an actin-sequestering peptide, are indistinguishable, and a 1992 Molecular Biology of the Cell paper addresses the control of actin nucleotide exchange by thymosin beta 4 and profilin.[1, 2]

  1. Thymosin beta 4 and Fx, an actin-sequestering peptide, are indistinguishable. J Biol Chem (1991). pmid:1999398
  2. The control of actin nucleotide exchange by thymosin beta 4 and profilin. A potential regulatory mechanism for actin polymerization in cells. Mol Biol Cell (1992). pmid:1330091

GHRH receptor

Also written as growth hormone releasing hormone receptor, GRF receptor, GHRHR.

The growth hormone releasing hormone receptor is a distinct target from the ghrelin receptor, which is why GHRH analogues and growth hormone secretagogues are separate classes on this site. A 2005 Endocrinology paper reports that human growth hormone-releasing factor 1-29 albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor.[1]

See also: Ghrelin receptor.

  1. Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog. Endocrinology (2005). pmid:15817669

GIP receptor

Also written as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor, GIPR.

The glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor is the second incretin receptor. Tirzepatide is reported in its 2021 Lancet trial report as a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist.[1]

See also: GLP-1 receptor.

  1. Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet (2021). pmid:34186022

GLP-1 receptor

Also written as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor, GLP1R.

The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor is the receptor targeted by the incretin receptor agonist class. A 2024 review in Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy surveys its signalling mechanisms and advances in agents acting on it.[1]

See also: GIP receptor, Glucagon receptor.

  1. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther (2024). pmid:39289339

Ghrelin receptor

Also written as growth hormone secretagogue receptor, GHS-R, GHSR1a.

The ghrelin receptor, also called the growth hormone secretagogue receptor, is the target of the growth hormone secretagogue class. A 2021 Nature Communications paper reports the structural basis of its signalling by ghrelin and by the synthetic agonist ibutamoren, and a 2001 Molecular Endocrinology paper reports regulation of Pit-1 expression through it.[1, 2]

See also: GHRH receptor.

  1. Structural basis of human ghrelin receptor signaling by ghrelin and the synthetic agonist ibutamoren. Nat Commun (2021). pmid:34737341
  2. Regulation of Pit-1 expression by ghrelin and GHRP-6 through the GH secretagogue receptor. Mol Endocrinol (2001). pmid:11518797

Glucagon receptor

Also written as GCGR.

The glucagon receptor is the third receptor targeted by the triple agonists in this class. Retatrutide is reported in its 2023 Lancet trial report as a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist.[1]

See also: GLP-1 receptor, GIP receptor.

  1. Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USA. Lancet (2023). pmid:37385280

Melanocortin receptor

Also written as MC receptor, MC1R, MC4R.

The melanocortin receptors are the family of receptors at which alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogues act. A 2000 International Journal of Impotence Research paper reports human studies with melanocortin receptor agonists.[1]

  1. Melanocortin receptor agonists, penile erection, and sexual motivation: human studies with Melanotan II. Int J Impot Res (2000). pmid:11035391

Nitric oxide system

Also written as NO system, nitric oxide synthase pathway.

The nitric oxide system is the signalling pathway in which the retrieved BPC-157 literature frames that compound. A 2014 Current Pharmaceutical Design paper is titled on the BPC 157-NO-system relation, and a 1997 European Journal of Pharmacology paper examines its influence alongside a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and L-arginine.[1, 2]

  1. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157-NO-system relation. Curr Pharm Des (2014). pmid:23755725
  2. The influence of a novel pentadecapeptide, BPC 157, on N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methylester and L-arginine effects on stomach mucosa integrity and blood pressure. Eur J Pharmacol (1997). pmid:9298922

Compound index · Class index

On each stated value was matched to the record cited for it. That is record matching, not an appraisal of the research. Compiled and checked by: Peptide Monographs editorial desk. No qualified clinical reviewer.